Transformator (transformator) je naprava, ki uporablja princip elektromagnetne indukcije za spreminjanje izmenične napetosti, glavne komponente so primarna tuljava, sekundarna tuljava in železno jedro (magnetno jedro). Glavne funkcije so: napetostna transformacija, tokovna transformacija, impedančna transformacija, izolacija, stabilizacija napetosti (transformator magnetne nasičenosti) itd. Lahko ga razdelimo na močnostne transformatorje in posebne transformatorje (električni peči transformator, usmernik transformator, preskusni transformator frekvence moči, napetost regulator, rudarski transformator, zvočni transformator, vmesnofrekvenčni transformator, visokofrekvenčni transformator, udarni transformator, instrumentni transformator, elektronski transformator), reaktorji, transformatorji itd.). Simboli vezja pogosto uporabljajo T kot začetek številke. Primer: T01, T201 itd.
Izhodni reaktor: kadar je dolžina izhoda kabla od pretvornika do motorja večja od določene vrednosti izdelka, je treba dodati izhodni reaktor, da se kompenzira vpliv polnjenja in praznjenja povezane električne kapacitivnosti, ko je električna kabel teče, da se prepreči pretok pretvornika. Izhodni dv / dt reaktor: Da bi omejili hitrost dviga izhodne napetosti pretvornika, da bi zagotovili normalno izolacijo motorja. Sinusoidni valovni filter: Naj bo izhodna napetost in tok pretvornika enak sinusnemu valu, zmanjšajte koeficient harmonske domene motorja in izolacijski tlak motorja. Te možnosti je treba namestiti na izhodni strani pretvornika.
Sledi model izdelka in njegova predstavitev:
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Delovno načelo:
Transformator je sestavljen iz železnega jedra (ali magnetnega jedra) in tuljave. Tuljava ima dva ali več navitij. Navitje, priključeno na napajanje, se imenuje primarna tuljava, preostala navitja pa sekundarna tuljava. Preoblikuje lahko izmenično napetost, tok in impedanco. Najpreprostejši transformator iz železnega jedra je sestavljen iz železnega jedra iz mehkega magnetnega materiala in dveh tuljav z različnimi zavoji, ki pokrivajo železno jedro.
Vloga jedra je okrepiti magnetno sklopitev med obema tuljavama. Da bi zmanjšali vrtinčni tok in histerezo izgube železa, je jedro izdelano iz laminiranih pločevin iz silicijevega jekla; med obema tuljavama ni električne povezave, tuljave pa so izdelane iz izoliranih bakrenih žic (ali aluminijastih žic). Ena tuljava, priključena na vir napajanja, se imenuje primarna tuljava (ali primarna tuljava), druga tuljava, povezana z električnim aparatom, pa se imenuje sekundarna tuljava (ali sekundarna tuljava). Dejanski transformator je zelo zapleten in neizogibno so izgube bakra (segrevanje upora tuljave), izguba železa (segrevanje železovega jedra) in magnetno puščanje (magnetna indukcijska žica zaprta z zrakom) itd. Da bi poenostavili razpravo, tu se uvaja idealen transformator. Pogoji za vzpostavitev idealnega transformatorja so: prezreti pretok uhajanja, prezreti upornost primarne in sekundarne tuljave, prezreti izgubo jedra in prezreti tok brez obremenitve (tok v primarni tuljavi sekundarne tuljava je odprta). Na primer, ko napajalni transformator deluje s polno obremenitvijo (nazivna moč sekundarne tuljave), je blizu idealnega transformatorja.
Transformatorji so statični električni aparati, izdelani po principu elektromagnetne indukcije. Ko je originalna tuljava transformatorja priključena na napajalnik, se v železnem jedru ustvari izmenični magnetni tok, ki je na splošno označen s φ. Φ v primarni in sekundarni tuljavi sta enaka, φ pa je tudi preprosta harmonična funkcija. Tabela je φ = φmsinωt. Po Faradayevem zakonu elektromagnetne indukcije je inducirana elektromotorna sila v primarni in sekundarni tuljavi e1 = -N1dφ / dt in e2 = -N2dφ / dt. V formuli sta N1 in N2 zavoje primarne in sekundarne tuljave. Vidimo, da sta U1 = -e1 in U2 = e2 (fizikalna količina prvotne tuljave je predstavljena s podpisom 1, fizična količina sekundarne tuljave pa s podpisom 2). = N1 / N2, ki se imenuje razmerje transformacije transformatorja. Iz zgornje formule je U1 / U2 = -N1 / N2 = -k, to je razmerje med efektivno vrednostjo napetosti primarne in sekundarne tuljave enakovredno razmerju obratov in fazni razliki med primarno in sekundarno tuljavo napetosti so π.
Nadalje je sklenjeno, da:
U1 / U2 = N1 / N2
V primeru, da lahko tok brez obremenitve prezremo, obstaja I1 / I2 = -N2 / N1, to pomeni, da je efektivna vrednost primarnega in sekundarnega toka tuljave obratno sorazmerna s številom obratov in fazna razlika je π.
Na voljo
I1 / I2 = N2 / N1
Moč primarne in sekundarne tuljave idealnega transformatorja je enaka P1 = P2. Pokaže, da sam idealen transformator nima izgube moči. Dejanski transformator ima vedno izgube, njegov izkoristek pa je η = P2 / P1. Učinkovitost električnih transformatorjev je zelo visoka, do več kot 90%
Karakteristični parametri:
delovne frekvence
Izguba jedra transformatorja ima veliko povezavo s frekvenco, zato ga je treba načrtovati in uporabljati glede na pogostost uporabe. Ta frekvenca se imenuje delovna frekvenca.
Nazivna moč
Transformator lahko pod določeno frekvenco in napetostjo deluje dlje časa, ne da bi presegel izhodno moč določenega dviga temperature.
Nazivna napetost
Nanaša se na napetost, ki jo je mogoče uporabiti na tuljavi transformatorja, ki med delovanjem ne sme biti večja od navedene vrednosti.
Napetostno razmerje
Nanaša se na razmerje med napetostjo transformatorja in sekundarno napetostjo, razlika je med razmerjem napetosti brez obremenitve in razmerjem napetosti obremenitve.
Tok brez obremenitve
Ko je sekundar transformatorja odprt, ima primarni še vedno določen tok. Ta del toka se imenuje tok brez obremenitve. Neobremenitveni tok je sestavljen iz magnetizirajočega toka (ustvarja magnetni tok) in izgube toka železa (ki nastane zaradi izgube jedra). Pri močnem transformatorju 50Hz je tok brez obremenitve v bistvu enak magnetizirajočemu toku.
Izguba obremenitve
Nanaša se na izgubo moči, izmerjeno na primarni, ko je sekundarni transformator odprt. Glavna izguba je jedrna izguba, ki ji sledi izguba toka brez obremenitve (izguba bakra) na odpornosti bakra na primarni tuljavi, ta del izgube je zelo majhen.
učinkovitost
Nanaša se na odstotek razmerja sekundarne moči P2 do primarne moči P1. Na splošno je večja nazivna moč transformatorja, večji je izkoristek.
Izolacijska upornost
Označuje delovanje izolacije med vsako tuljavo transformatorja in med vsako tuljavo in železnim jedrom. Raven izolacijske odpornosti je odvisna od učinkovitosti uporabljenega izolacijskega materiala, temperature in stopnje vlažnosti.
